نشریه نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی
سال چهاردهم شماره 18 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

The present study which was carried out according to Norman Fairclough's CDA approche, seeks to present discourse practice and social practice of discourse in the consumer society as one of the postmodernist paradigms in Patrick Deville minimal writing. The main objective of this research in the first stage is to display the paradigm of consumer society in the novel. In the second stage the impact of the consumer society in the formation of social context of the story is studied. The third stage tends to question the social sources which produce the discourse and social practice of discourse to express the side effects of consumer society. In order to achieve this aim the consumer society paradigm will be analyzed in three levels: description, interpretation and explication. The results show that Patrick Deville's specific consideration on the social, economic and political events of postmodernism period are reflected in his novel. Reflecting the consumer society is not a simple representation of postmodernism. Reflecting the consumer society creates the social context of the story and shows the discursive opposition between the rich and poor class of the society.

Leila Aboulala (1964 -) is a Sudanese-Egyptian Muslim novelist who lives in the Scottish diaspora. She is one of the emigrant Muslim women writers who try to initiate a new discourse in their literary works. In her diasporic discourse she challenges the depiction of the identity of Muslim women as innate, timeless, and static and represents the subjectivity of her female protagonists as performative. In this respect the subjectivity of Muslim woman is a "doing" rather than a "being" and each step she takes makes her approach the Islamic subjectivity or deviate from it. The theories of William Safran, James Clifford, and Homi K. Bhabha are consulted to delineate diaspora an its capacity for discourse formation. Judith Butler's performative theory is used to investigate the performativity of subjectivity of the Muslim women in Aboulela's novels. The performativity of language and cultural practices like sartorial practices, culinary preferences, and religious rituals are the pivotal points of this article.

The drama Emilia Galotti shows a picture of the society, in which women are dominated by men and don’t have necessary social value. In this society most men, especially the Powers, have sexual and degrading look at women and don’t respect them at all. The women in this tragedy are the second sex and under the subjection of the men. They are quite traditional, like Emilia and submit their self fully to others opinions, or like Klaudia try to pass the tradition or like Orsina have intellectual ideas, but also reflect the standards of the mail-dominated society in their thoughts and behaviors.
This drama has a feminist message for women: they should recognize their intrinsic value and don’t allow to become tools of debauchery of men and should think about events, of course, they should know that this is contrary to the wishes of men in the mail-dominated society and will certainly face resistance. They should seek their rights however it would look bad in the eyes of men.

Nowadays the discussions about nature and environments are significant particularly in humanities. The place of intersection between humanities and experimental sciences comes from the relationship between man and nature, and the fact that how these two issues are related and interacted. This critical approach plays a pretty important role in modern literature so that it can investigate the various dimensions of nature as the setting of literary works. In this regard, this paper, focusing on The Hungry Tide (2004) by Amitav Ghosh (1956- ) as an Indian Bengali writer, analyzes it based on ecocritical approach. Ecocriticism is an approach which relates humanities, experimental and environmental sciences to each other. Therefore, the writers, particularly the novelists, are concerned with nature, from forests to seas, and from domestic to wild animals. The Hungry Tide, as far as the title suggests, very significantly represents the sea, and the role of the waves as well as the marine animals. Besides the sea, the surrounding Islands are wonderful spaces, portrayed by Ghosh, which create a proper place for wild animals, particularly Bengali Tigers. The main character of the novel, Piya, is a young female cetologist, who studies a very rare kind of fish, with the help of a native fisherman, Fokir, who is innately an ecologist. While studying and following Dolphins, Piya is confronted with wild tigers. The nature-centred adventures of the novel are arranged based on what happens to the major characters. Besides portraying the natural events and accidents, The Hungry Tide surveys the history of creation of species of some plants and animals in a real or imaginary region and indicates the impact of man on environment and vice versa. In this paper, the ecocritical theories of Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm (1996) are used for analytical discussion of the novel; moreover, in conclusion the postcolonial ecocriticism of Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin (2010) are used to lead the discussion to a new discourse of othering nature. Eventually, the paper comes to this conclusion that when one ring or member of ecosystem is omitted or destroyed, the whole system will be influenced and all the natural phenomena will experience critical changes or transformations.

The myth of the Grail has been formed in literature. It has been given birth by Chretien de Troyes and was influenced by holly texts. At first, the Grail is not sacred but it appears in a mysterious chain of events and gives birth to a myth which will be rewritten several times. The Grail reappears during the 19th century in a sporadic way but this myth gains its apogee in the 20th century and we can talk about a new cycle of the Grail due to authors such as Alphonse de Chateaubriant (La Reponse du Seigneur), Jean Cocteau (Les Chevaliers de la Table Ronde), Julien Gracq (Le Roi Pecheur) and Pierre Benoit (Monsalvat). So we have several novels of the Grail but they are different. In this research we try to study and deduce the rules of the evolution of this myth in French literature.

Today, with the rapid development of science and technology and cultural, economic ties etc... translations is inevitable and translators that are in the front line of this communication-centered world should be familiar with theories of translation for providing translations by low error percentage, and take action to solve the translation problems by virtue of these theories and also being fully aware. Among contemporary French theorists in the field of translations, Antoine Berman has raised 13 erroneous tendencies by translators that cause distortion on the original text. The study is intending to peruse the novel “Alien” by M. Albert Camus translated by Mehran Zendebudi based on seven cases of Text Distortion System of Bremen. Alien is one the most outstanding works by this writer that is the most well-known one in Iran as well, it is because approximately nine versions of this book has been released in Iran. Authors will endeavor to elaborate created distortions by examples and represent the proposal translation in some cases and consequently reply to this question that whether the mentioned distortion system by Berman can be applicable in Persian translations criticis.

Seeing that Tehran has been treated, in so many disciplines, by its different aspects, it is also seems necessary to do a litteray global research on this city. Except the remarkable Stari’s study, who, on the myth of Tehran (1384), has made this city the subject of his mythological research, unfortunately, there is not any other good study on this matter. In this paper, we tried to approach Tehran with geographical criticism that we are going to introduce in detail. This method has been presented by Bertrand Westphal in 2007. The two works on which we will apply this approach, belong to either insider’s and outsider’s point of view, in order to satisfy the geographical criticism needs of multifocality. The descriptions of Tehran given in the works and the role it plays in each of them, are totally different. The aim of the study is to know, by means of the geographical criticism, what are the forms of fictional universe presented by the two authors?

Literary criticism is of great importance in contemporaneous age. One of the subdivisions of literary criticism is psychological criticism which was founded by Sigmund Schlomo Freud, the father of modern psychology. Psychological criticism attempts to declare excitants, spiritual excitements and effectual factors in creating a literary work based on the work itself and the biography of the poet or author.
Charles Baudelaire the 19th century well-known poet is an introverted, puzzle headed, depressed and heartbroken person who has always been seeking a utopia to soothe in, intending to look for the truth of entity and achieve that ideal world.
In this research, Charles Baudelaire’s poems are investigated to discover the reason of depression puzzlement and disappointment which is observed in his poems according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

The quite new genre “adolescent Novel” engages in the teens`problem in the critical and fateful period of adolescence. This study consists of two parts of Theory and practice. The theory part includes some data regarding the concept of “adolescent Novel”, its history, characteristics and categorization. In the practical part, the effective literal and medial factors on “adolescent Novel” are introduced and intertextual and intermedia performance is expressed tangibly by giving example from the Novel “Whisper”. The purpose of this survey is to study the position of “adolescent novel” in the German Children and young adult literature and the study of effective role of literal- (intertextual) and medial factors (intermedia) on this young adult literal genre.

This study is an attempt to scrutinize Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy with regard to Levinas’s ethics which includes the other, subjectivity, trauma, and responsibility. A bond is formed between Atwood’s apocalyptic world and ethics to demonstrate how and to what extent the characters in the novels are the Levinasian responsible subjects. The survivors are suffering from the disturbance in the chronology of time; that is despite their presence in the present time, the past revives. The coincidence of the past and present with an unknown future dangles like a pendulum in the characters’ mind. Responsibility for the survivors revives their childhood which is replete with parents’ irresponsibility. Their childhood memories are tied with the role of father and mother which can be explored in light of Levinas’s ‘feminine alterity,’ ‘paternity’ and ‘father and son’ relation. In this study it is also revealed to what extent paternity and maternity in the role of feminine alterity creates apocalypse and new generation and establishes the ethical relation.

The Modern Irish novel has accommodated time as a flow of mental processes that deal with concepts such as Irish history, culture and politics. This conception of time, moreover, had not only appreciated time as a non-linear continuum, being rooted within the nation, but also treated time as a flexible agent that finds meaning from within the individual. The protagonist, as a result, emerges in the modern Irish novel as an individual who defines time and temporality according to his personal desires and memories, creates personal time loops that would provide him with the liberty to distort time, and defies any form of State-sponsored conception of national history. By examining James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), this paper explores the emergence and at once treatment of time as a recalcitrant, self-referential literary agent that had helped the modern Irish author to defy a seemingly postcolonial State. To this end, theories of time introduced by Alain Badiou in his Being and Event, Martin Heidegger, and Henri Bergson will be closely referenced.

The present study is undertaken to apply Stuart Hall’s theory of identity to Edwidge Danticat’s novel The Farming of Bones (1998) within a cultural reading. It specifically draws on the concept of ‘identity as becoming’ which will be traced in this novel’s black female protagonist, Amabelle Desir who experiences various painful adventures that are essential in her identity formation. Various manifestations of social, historical and racial aspects that play vital role in the construction of this young women’s identity will be discussed in the light of Hall’s critical perspective. The distinction between ‘identity as being’ and ‘identity as becoming’ depicted by Danticat is of utmost importance which seems in line with Hall’s definition of these two kinds of identity; however, it later turns to a more profound issue since Amabelle is in a permanent quest for her identity. In this way, a cultural reading of this outstanding novel reveals Danticat’s attempts to create unstable relations and interactions which put this character in a nonstop quest for a lost identity always oscillating between ‘identity as being’ and ‘identity as becoming’. Therefore the traditional view about identity according to which identity is regarded as a fixed and unchangeable entity is rejected throughout the sharp depictions illustrated by the novelist. Amabelle Desir as a diaspora subject is vulnerable to different elements that are imposed on her by time and her surroundings.

Defamiliarization is including all of techniques that are involved in foregrunding and beautification of a literary text. These techniques will result in delay and expansion of the context meaning and so the readers will enjoy and take adventage more. The Contemporary and powerful Authors Austrain, Ilse Aichinger, in creating the Mirrorstory didn’t draw the fact like it is as well es Kafka. But with the help of surrealism imaging and variable Methodes of semantic defamiliarization such as the use of paradox and also different types of symbols, masterfully described it in this story and With this outlook Aichinger challenges the readers of his work with regard to the social problems of their time. The present article is an attempt to familiarize the readers with Aichingers’s ideas and her various techniques of semantic deviation and their application in Mirrorstory.